Advanced Production Logging

 Day 1

• Why Run Production Logs? Overview:

  • Outline of the various processes used.
  • Determine Productivity Index (PI) of oil wells and the injectivity of water wells, zone by zone.
  • 2 Phase flow rates: Water/Oil, Oil/Gas, Water/Gas.
  • Three Phase Flow
  • Interzone crossflow
• Production Performance of oil and gas wells:
  • Productivity Index (PI) of oil wells.
  • Absolute Open Flow (AOF) Potential in gas wells.
  • Depth Control in Cased Hole.
  • Well Completions and its effects on Production Logging:
  • Open Hole completions, Casing, Liners, Gravel Pack
  • Flow regimes in vertical, deviated and horizontal wells:
  • Unpredictable changes in the flow regimes.
  • Flow regimes effects on the 3-phase flow.

 1-hour Workshop: Production Performance and skin effects

Day 2

• Equations applied in multi-phase flow regimes:
  • Conservation of momentum equation to define the spinner velocity.
  • Reynolds Number.
  • Unit integrations to compute production.
• Slippage velocities: theory and empirical charts applications.
• Various techniques to measure fluid velocities- A wide range of applications:
  • Spinners: inline spinner, full bore spinner and micro-spinner.
  • Oxygen activation to measure water velocity.
  • Radioactive tracer to measure oil and water velocities.
  • Phase velocity log to measure using gadolinium to measure oil and water velocities.
  • Gas bubble velocity from the optical sensor (GHOST).
• Spinner Threshold (Vth); definition and measurement:
  • Measuring Vth in stationary fluid.
  • Measuring Vth under flowing conditions.
  • Measuring Vth in horizontal wells.
  • Vth application to detect leaks.

1-hour Workshop: Spinner Calibrations.

Day 3

• Holdup measurements in 3 phase flows: Various tools and their applications
  • Borehole differential pressure.
  • Capacitance: measuring of fluid dielectric.
  • Electric sensors (Flowview).
  • Optical sensors (Ghost).
• Temperature Logging Tools and their applications under shut-in and flowing conditions.
  • Temperature signatures.
  • Temperature data base application.
  • Signatures in Lost circulation zones.
  • Temperature modelling used to estimate flowrates in oil and water producing zones.
• Permanent Temperature sensors:
  • Fibre Optics temperature sensors.
  • Theory and applications.
  • Field Examples

1-hour Workshop: Temperature profiling and holdup.

 Day 4

• Single phase flow:
  • Production Logging using two chokes under flowing conditions
  • Spinner calibrations to convert rotations per second of spinner to flow rates.
  • Determine the productivity Index (PI) for any selected zone. Zone selection is not needed before data acquisition.
• Uneven Depletion and resulting Crossflow:
  • Causes of uneven depletion.
  • Modelling of uneven depletion.
    • Basic Production Logging
    • Spinner Calibrations.
    • Using 2 chokes to estimate Productivity Index.
    • Estimating Productivity index (PI) and reservoir pressure (Pr) for each zone
    • Estimating the inter-zone crossflow caused by uneven depletion

• Water and Gas Coning:

  • Basics of water and gas coning.
  • Detection of conning.
  • Coning evaluations and field examples.

• Production logging in gas wells.

  • 2- Choke production log. Assumed single phase and used to calculate the AOF per zone

 1-hour Workshop: Uneven depletion and coning.

Day 5

• Two phase Flow.
  • Production interpretations in 2-phase flow (oi/water, oil/gas, water/gas).
  • Running Production logs using two flowing chokes.
  • Data used: Spinner, 1 hold-up measurement, Oxygen activation.

• Three phase flow rates:
  • 2 Production logs under flowing conditions, 2 hold-up logs, Oxygen activation and phase velocity log (oil and water velocities).
• Data used: Spinner, 1 hold-up measurement, Oxygen activation.

• Production logging tools in horizontal wells:
  • SLB’s Flow Scanner tool.
• Other Vendors: MAPS Tool.

• Production log interpretations in horizontal wells.
  • Data acquisitions in horizontal wells, using full-bore spinner and Flow Scanner tools
  • Zonation
  • Spinner calibrations.
  • Threshold evaluation

1-hour Workshop: 3 Phase Production and horizontal well production.